La caida de la demanda DE los commodities

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La caída actual de la demanda de petróleo supera a las de recesiones mundiales anteriores

Disminución porcentual en la demanda de petróleo (2020−9,3)(1980−4,12) (1981−3,08) (1982−2,69) (1974−1,42) (2009−0,97) (1975−0,83) )2008−0,66) (1983−0,24) (1993−0,22) Los datos para 2020 se basan en estimaciones de la AIE.Fuente: Banco Mundial

Se prevé que los precios de la energía en general que también incluyen los del gas natural y el carbón se reducirán en promedio un 40 % en 2020 con respecto a 2019, si bien experimentarán un repunte notable el próximo año. Aunque los precios del gas natural han disminuido considerablemente este año, los del carbón se han visto menos perjudicados, ya que la demanda de electricidad se ha visto menos afectada por las medidas de mitigación.

La interrupción de la actividad económica ha afectado a productos básicos industriales como el cobre y el zinc, y  se espera que este año los precios de los metales en general caigan.  La desaceleración del crecimiento económico en China, que representa la mitad de la demanda mundial de metales, afectará a los precios de los metales industriales. Por otra parte, los precios del oro han aumentado, dado que los compradores han buscado seguridad frente a las turbulencias de los mercados financieros.

Los precios agrícolas están menos vinculados al crecimiento económico y solo han sufrido disminuciones menores en los primeros meses del año, con la excepción del caucho, que experimentó una fuerte caída, y del arroz, que aumentó debido al empeoramiento de las condiciones de las cosechas y a algunas restricciones comerciales. Se prevé que en 2020 los precios mundiales de los productos agrícolas se mantengan en general estables, ya que los niveles de producción y las existencias de la mayoría de los alimentos básicos se encuentran en máximos históricos.

 Mayoría de los mercados de alimentos están bien abastecidos. Sin embargo, la preocupación por la seguridad alimentaria ha aumentado a medida que los países anuncian restricciones comerciales, entre ellas prohibiciones de exportación de ciertos productos básicos y realizan compras extraordinarias. Del mismo modo, la producción de productos básicos agrícolas, y en especial en la próxima temporada, podría verse afectada por las perturbaciones en el comercio y la distribución de insumos como fertilizantes, plaguicidas y la disponibilidad de mano de obra. Los desajustes de las cadenas de suministro ya han afectado a las exportaciones de productos perecederos como flores, frutas y hortalizas de algunos mercados emergentes y economías en desarrollo entre ellas prohibiciones de exportación de ciertos productos básicos— y realizan compras extraordinarias. Del mismo modo, la producción de productos básicos agrícolas, y en especial en la próxima temporada, podría verse afectada por las perturbaciones en el comercio y la distribución de insumos como fertilizantes, plaguicidas y la disponibilidad de mano de obra. Los desajustes de las cadenas de suministro ya han afectado a las exportaciones de productos perecederos como flores, frutas y hortalizas de algunos mercados emergentes y economías en desarrollo.

A pesar de que los mercados están bien abastecidos, las restricciones a las exportaciones podrían perjudicar la seguridad alimentaria de los países importadores. El Banco Mundial se ha unido a otras organizaciones en el llamado a la acción colectiva para que el comercio de alimentos siga fluyendo entre países.

El impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en los mercados de productos básicos en general puede dar lugar a cambios a más largo plazo. Los costos de transporte podrían ser más elevados debido a los requisitos adicionales para el cruce de fronteras. El aumento de los costos comerciales afectará en particular a los productos básicos agrícolas y alimentarios y a los textiles. Las decisiones de hacer acopio de ciertos productos básicos podrían afectar a los flujos comerciales y repercutir en los precios mundiales.

Los mercados emergentes y las economías en desarrollo que dependen de los productos básicos serán las más vulnerables a los efectos económicos de la pandemia. Además de las consecuencias sanitarias y humanas a las que se enfrentan, y de los efectos de la recesión económica mundial, la reducción de la demanda de exportaciones y la perturbación de las cadenas de suministro repercutirán en las economías de esos países.

Fuente: Banco Mundial

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