El Banco de España señala que la actividad económica cayó un 34% en la última quincena de marzo

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Entre las economías de mayor tamaño de la zona Euro, Francia, Italia y España fueron las más perjudicadas en el primer trimestre.

El Banco de España (BdE) señala en un informe de previsiones publicado hoy que la actividad económica cayó un 34% en las dos últimas semanas de marzo, tras decretarse el confinamiento para frenar la crisis del coronavirus. Así, sitúa al país entre las economías de mayor tamaño, junto a Francia e Italia, que registran en el primer trimestre un mayor impacto, como consecuencia de la “severidad” de las medidas de contención.

La cifra es todavía más llamativa en el caso de los servicios de mercado, cuya actividad disminuyó un 50% de media. Dentro de este sector, el área de comercio, el transporte y la hostelería es la más perjudicada (-71%), así como la rama de las actividades artísticas, ocio y otros servicios personales (-73%). Las actividades profesionales, científicas y auxiliares cayeron un -52%, mientras que la actividad el área de información y comunicaciones bajó un 36%. Por otro lado, la construcción bajó un 52% y las manufacturas, un 21%.

El estudio del órgano supervisor apunta que la contracción del VAB del área del euro durante el primer trimestre fue del 3,2% intertrimestral, considerando que la actividad económica de esta zona se redujo en las dos últimas semanas aproximadamente un 20%. En el caso de ltalia, el desplome fue, al igual que en España, de un 34% de media y el de Francia, de un 32%, frente a un 13% en Alemania.

De esta forma, el Banco de España asegura aunque la crisis sanitaria es una perturbación con un origen común, sus efectos a corto plazo han sido diferentes en cada uno de los países miembros de la Unión Económica y Monetaria (UEM) de la UE, teniendo en cuenta que el impacto negativo sobre la actividad ha sido muy asimétrico entre sectores.

El Banco de España señala que la actividad económica cayó un 34% en la última quincena de marzo

Por áreas de actividad 

El análisis del BdE desprende que la rama de servicios de mercado, que representa cerca del 55% del total de la economía en la UEM, experimentó una caída cercana al 4% en el primer trimestre, según la Contabilidad Nacional, lo que sería coherente con un descenso de la actividad superior al 25 % durante el período de confinamiento estricto. El impacto sobre la actividad de los servicios fue notablemente superior a la media en España (-50%), mientras en Alemania fue de tan solo un -12%.

Dentro del conjunto del sector servicios, las dos ramas más afectadas fueron la de comercio, transporte y hostelería y la de actividades artísticas, ocio y otros servicios personales, que sufrieron una pérdida de actividad del 44% en ambos en el período de confinamiento estricto en el conjunto del área del euro.

La caída de la actividad en el comercio, transporte y hostelería fue particularmente severa en Italia y España -superior al 60% y al 70%, respectivamente-, países en los que, además, el peso de esta actividad en la economía es mayor. Concretamente, la hostelería y restauración, que habría visto interrumpida casi totalmente su actividad, en países con mayor importancia del turismo, como Italia o España, su peso se eleva al 3,9% y al 6,3% del VAB, respectivamente.

El sector de actividades artísticas, ocio y otros servicios personales se habría contraído de manera más aguda en Francia (por encima del 60%) y en España (más de un 70%).

La tercera rama de servicios más perjudicada es la de actividades profesionales, científicas, técnicas y auxiliares, con un descenso de la actividad en torno al 20% en la zona Euro, que superaría el 50% en España y ascendería hasta cerca del 40% en Francia.

El impacto inicial de la crisis sobre la producción de manufacturas en la UEM fue muy elevado, lo que refleja también el hundimiento del comercio internacional. Se estima una caída del VAB de las manufacturas cercana al 30% durante el período de confinamiento estricto del primer trimestre. En el caso de España, la caída fue de un 21%, siendo Italia y Francia los países con un impacto más severo (del 60% y del 40%, respectivamente).

Por último, el comportamiento de la construcción durante el período de confinamiento ha sido especialmente heterogéneo. La caída de la actividad de este sector con respecto al nivel previo a la crisis habría alcanzado el 85% en Francia y el 52% en España. En Alemania, en cambio, la actividad aumentó durante el primer trimestre, en un contexto climatológico favorable.

Fuente: Cinco días

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